When the Treaty of Lisbon went into effect in December 2009, the event seemed to mark the beginning of a longer phase of institutional consolidation for the EU.

The foundation of the European Union was one of the most important historical events in the second half of the 20th century. In order to fully appreciate the mo

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was one of the pre-eminent figures of the Italian Renaissance – he was also one of the most paradoxical. He spent an incredibl

The foundation of the European Union was one of the most important historical events in the second half of the 20th century. In order to fully appreciate the mo

Relying on internal sources, Wilfried Loth analyses the birth and subsequent development of the European Union, from the launch of the Council of Europe and the